A phase 1 clinical trial testing a novel vaccine approach to prevent HIV has produced promising results, marking a major step toward the ultimate goal of protecting people around the world against the deadly and fast-mutating virus.
Mining the world’s most comprehensive drug repurposing collection for COVID-19 therapies, scientists have identified 90 existing drugs or drug candidates with antiviral activity against the coronavirus that’s driving the ongoing global pandemic.
Among those compounds, the Scripps Research study identified four clinically approved drugs and nine compounds in other stages of development with strong potential to be repurposed as oral drugs for COVID-19, according to results published recently in the journal Nature Communications.
Of the drugs that prevented the coronavirus from replicating in human cells, 19 were found to work in concert with or boost the activity of remdesivir, an antiviral therapy approved for treatment of COVID-19.
“While we now have effective vaccines against COVID-19, we still lack highly effective antiviral drugs that can prevent COVID-19 infections or stop them from worsening,” says Peter Schultz, PhD, President and CEO of Scripps Research. “Our results raise the possibility of a number of promising avenues for repurposing existing oral medications with efficacy against SARS-CoV-2,” he adds. “We have identified promising existing drugs and are also leveraging our findings to develop optimized antivirals that will be more effective against SARS-CoV-2, including variants and drug resistant strains, as well as against other coronaviruses that currently exist or might emerge in future.”
In a collaboration between Calibr, the drug discovery division of Scripps Research, and a team of researchers in the institute’s Department of Immunology and Microbiology, the study tested more than 12,000 drugs in two different types of human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2.
The drugs used in the study came from the ReFRAME drug repurposing library, which was established by Calibr in 2018 with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to tackle areas of urgent unmet medical need, especially neglected tropical diseases. The collection contains FDA-approved drugs and other experimental compounds that have been tested for safety in humans.
“Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw that ReFRAME could be leveraged to screen for hits against SARS-CoV-2,” says Arnab Chatterjee, PhD, vice president of medicinal chemistry at Calibr. “In the months that followed, we launched many scientific collaborations to speed drug discovery, both internally at Scripps Research and with partners nationally and internationally.”
Four of the drugs—halofantrine, nelfinavir, simeprevir, and manidipine—are already FDA approved, and nine compounds are in various stages of the drug development process. From the drug combination screens, the researchers found 19 drugs that had an additive effect when administered with remdesivir, the antiviral produced by the pharmaceutical company Gilead that is FDA approved for use in patients diagnosed with COVID-19.
“Some of the most effective antiviral strategies are ‘cocktails’ in which patients are given several different drugs to combat the infection, such as those used to treat HIV infections,” says the study’s corresponding author Thomas Rogers, MD, PhD, an adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at Scripps Research and assistant professor of Medicine at UC San Diego.